In this blog post, Carol J. Ola, author or Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War, discusses how Leonard Bernstein and the creative artists of the musical On the Town used their hiring decisions challenge the racial performance practices of the day.
As we celebrate the golden anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a significant aspect of the struggle of racial equality often gets ignored: racial activism in performance. Actors, singers, and dancers mobilized over the decades, pushing back against radical restrictions that shifted overtimes and On the Town marked an auspicious but little-recognized moment in that history.
On the Town opened on Broadway in December of 1944 towards the end of World War II, and marked the debut of a dazzling group of creative artists: the composer Leonard Bernstein, the lyricists Betty Comden and Adolph Green, and the choreographer Jerome Robbins. All were children of Jewish immigrants. Balancing left-leaning personal politics with the pressure of launching their first show, this team of twenty-somethings made a number of hiring decisions that boldly challenged racial performance practices. Exploring those progressive choices opens a perspective on that racial climate for performers of the day.
One daring step was to feature the Japanese-American dancer Sono Osato in the starring role of Ivy Smith, a character shaped as an “All-America Girl”, while the United States as at war with Japan, internment camps established on the West Coast and Southwest, and government propaganda aggressively targeting the Japanese. Like thousands of Japanese nationals, the US government detained Osato’s father, Shoji, immediately after Pearl Harbor, and he remained on parole in Chicago for most of the war. As a result, he could not attend his daughter’s opening night on Broadway. Declassified FBI filed tell the story of Shoji’s imprisonment and persecution, revealing no justification for the treatment he received.
As a result, On the Town- a show about three American sailors on a one-day leave in New York City- flirted with what was then called miscegenation. The pursuit of Ivy by one of those sailors- Gabey (played by Chris Alexander, an actor of Caucasian heritage)- was the central premise of the show. A promotional photo, now housed in clipping files at the New York Public Library at Lincoln Center, shows Osato standing seductively over Alexander, giving a sense at how brazenly their relationship was portrayed.
Equally audaciously were staging decisions related to African Americans in the cast. On opening night, there were 6 blacks out of a cast of 56. By today’s standards, that number appears as tokenism. Yet these black performers directly challenged racial stereotypes of the day. On the Town eschewed blackface, steering clear of bandanas, maids, and butlers. It did not segregate the black performers on stage, as was often the case, but rather it modeled an integrated citizenry. Black dancers in sailor costumes stood comfortably along f what has become known as color-blind casting. The Times Square Ballet, which closed Act 1 (pictured here), was one of the principal showcases for these progressive racial statements. side their white comrades, and there was mixed-race dancing, some of which required training in ballet. These staging decisions modeled a vision of urban interracial fellowship. They imagined an alternative to the segregated US military of the World War II, and they offered an early case of what has become known as color-blind casting. The Times Square Ballet, which closed Act 1 (pictured here), was one of the principles showcases for these progressive racial statements.
In yet another gesture towards civil rights, Everett Lee took over the podium of On the Town, becoming one of the first African Americans to conduct an all-white orchestra in a mainstream Broadway production. Lee had been concertmaster of the show since opening night, and he became conductor nine months into the run.
The racial desegregation on New York’s stages gained traction as the Civil Rights Movement grew more effective in the 1950s and 1960s. Yet the advances were never completely game-changing, as has been the case in the culture at large. To its credit, however, the first production of On the Town yielded a site of opportunity, and many of its performers of color went on to distinguished careers in the theater and concert hall.
Carol J. Oja is William Powell Mason Professor of Music and American Studies at Harvard University. She is author of Bernstein Meets Broadway: Collaborative Art in a Time of War and Making Music Modern: New York in the 1920s (2000), winner of the Irving Lowens Book Award from the Society for American Music.
This article is reposted with permission from blog.oup.com and was originally published on December 3rd, 2018.
This post was written by the author in their personal capacity.The opinions expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not reflect the view of The Theatre Times, their staff or collaborators.
This post was written by Carol J. Oja.
The views expressed here belong to the author and do not necessarily reflect our views and opinions.